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The History of Buddhism spans the 6th century BC to the present, starting with the birth of Buddha Siddhartha Gautama in Lumbini, Nepal. This makes it one of the oldest religions practiced today. The religion evolved as it spread from the northeastern region of the Indian subcontinent through Central, East, and Southeast Asia. At one time or another, it influenced most of the Asian continent. The history of Buddhism is also characterized by the development of numerous movements, schisms, and schools, among them the Theravāda, Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna traditions, with contrasting periods of expansion and retreat. ==Siddhartha Gautama== (詳細はSiddhārtha Gautama was the historical founder of Buddhism. He was born a Kshatriya warrior prince in ancient India which is now located in present-day Lumbini,Nepal. The dates of his birth and death are still a point of controversy〔Cousins, L. S. (1996). "The dating of the historical Buddha: a review article", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (3)6(1): 57–63.〕 but most scholars "suggested that the Buddha died within approximately a few decades on either side of 400 B.C.".〔Prebish, Charles S. (2008). (Cooking the Buddhist Books: The Implications of the New Dating of the Buddha for the History of Early Indian Buddhism ), Journal of Buddhist Ethics 15, p. 2〕 His particular family of Sakya Kshatriyas were of Brahmin lineage (Sanskrit: ''gotra''), as indicated by the family name "Gautama". 19th-century scholars, such as Eitel, connected it to the Brahmin Rishi Gautama.〔Fa-Hien (author), James Legge, transl. (1896): ''A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms'', Clarendon, Oxford, P. 95 PDF〕 In many Buddhist texts, Buddha is said to be a descendant of the Brahmin Sage Angirasa.〔Edward Joseph Thomas (1927). ''The Life of Buddha as Legend and History'', London, K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co〕 For example, "''In the Pāli Mahavagga "Angirasa" (in Pāli Angirasa) occurs as a name of Buddha Gautama who evidently belonged to the Angirasa tribe...''".〔Vidyabhusana, Satis Chandra (1971), ''A History of Indian Logic'', Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, p. 19〕 Scholar Edward J. Thomas too connected Buddha with sages Gautama and Angirasa.〔Thomas, Edward J. (1927), ''The Life of Buddha'', London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.; p. 22〕 After asceticism and meditation, Siddhartha Gautama discovered the Buddhist Middle Way—a path of moderation away from the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification. Siddhartha Gautama attained enlightenment sitting under a peepal tree, now known as the Bodhi tree in Bodh Gaya, India. Gautama, from then on, was known as ''"The Enlightened One ,"'' the Samyaksambuddha. Buddha found patronage in the ruler of Magadha, emperor Bimbisāra. The emperor accepted Buddhism as his personal faith and allowed the establishment of many Buddhist ''vihāras''. This eventually led to the renaming of the entire region as Bihār.〔Stanley Wolpert (1991), India, Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 32〕 At the Deer Park near in northern India, Buddha set in motion Wheel of Dharma by delivering his first sermon to a group of five companions with whom he had previously sought enlightenment. Together with the Buddha they formed the first (a monastic community of ordained Buddhist monks or nuns.) According to the scriptures,〔''Book of the Discipline'', Pali Text Society, volume V, Chapter X〕 later, after an initial reluctance, Buddha also established an order of nuns. Fully ordained Buddhist nuns are called bhikkhunis. Mahapajapati Gotami, the aunt and foster mother of Buddha, was the first bhikkhuni; she was ordained in the sixth century B.C.E.〔 For the remaining years of his life, the Buddha is said to have traveled in the Gangetic Plain of Northeastern India and other regions. Buddha attained ''parinirvāṇa'' in the abandoned jungles of Kuśināra. Just before Buddha died, he reportedly told his followers that thereafter the Dharma (doctrine, teaching) would be their leader. The early arhants considered Gautama's words the primary source of Dharma and Vinaya (rules of discipline and community living), and took great pains to formulate and transmit his teachings accurately. Nonetheless, no ungarnished collection of his sayings has survived. The versions of the canon (accepted scripture) preserved in Pāli, Sanskrit, Chinese, and Tibetan are sectarian variants of a corpus that grew and crystallized during three centuries of oral transmission.〔Robinson, Richard and Johnson, Willard (1977). ''The Buddhist Religion''. Encino, California: Dickenson Publishing Complany, Inc.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of Buddhism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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